[1] P.D. Abel, “Water Pollution Biology”: Taylor and Francis, London, 1996.
[2] S.M. Mandaville, “Benthic macroinvertebrates in freshwaters-taxa tolerance values, Metrics, and protocols project H-1, soil & water conservation society of metro halifax. Synopses”: http://chebucto.ca/Science/SWCS/ SWCS.html, 2002.
[3] R. Gadzała-Kopciuch, B. Berecka, J. Bartoszewicz and B. Buszewski, “Some considerations about bioindicators in environmental monitoring”: Pol. J. Envir. Stud. vol.13, no. 5, pp. 453–462, 2004.
[4] S.M. Abou El Ella and T.A. El Samman, “Ecosystem status of the north part of Lake Nubia, Sudan”: African J. Biol. Sci., vol. 6, no.2, pp. 7-21, 2010.
[5] I. De Gregori, H. Pinochet, D. Delgado, N. Gras and L. Maunoz, “Heavy metals in Bivalve Mussels and their habitats from different sites along the children coast”: Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., vol. 52, pp. 261- 268, 1994.
[6] M.N. Rashed, “Cadmium and lead levels in fish (Tilapia nilotica) tissues as biological indicator for lake water pollution” Environ. Monito. Assess., vol. 68, pp. 75-89, 2001.
[7] J.E. Goodman,” Neurodevelopmental effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209): and implications for the reference dose”: Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., vol. 54, pp. 91–104, 2009.
[8] J.H. Christensen and J. “Platz, “Screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels, marine and freshwater sediments in Denmark”: J Environ Monit, vol. 3, pp. 543–547, 2001.
[9] S.C. Lema, I. Schultz, N. Scholz, J. Incardona, P. Swanson, “Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47)” Aquat. Toxicol., vol. 82, pp. 296–307, 2007.
[10] S.C. Lema, I. Schultz, N. Scholz, J. Incardona, P. Swanson, “Neural defects and cardiac arrhythmia in fish larvae following embryonic exposure to 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47)”: Aquat. Toxicol., vol. 82, pp. 296–307, 2007.
[11] A.F.H. Ter Schure, P. Larsen and C. Agrell, “Atmosphereic transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls to the Baltic Sea”: Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 38, pp. 1282–1287, 2004.
[12] R.J. Law, C.R. Allchin, J. de Boer, A. Covaci, D. Herzke, et al., “Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment”: Chemosphere, vol. 64, pp. 187–208, 2006.
[13] USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), “An exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers”: Washington, DC: USEPA, p. 378, 2010.
[14] R. Laskowski and S.P. Hopkin, “Accumulation of Zn Cu, Pb and Cd in the garden snails, (Helix aspersa aspersa): implication for predators”: Environ. Pollut., vol. 91, pp. 289–297, 1996.
[15] F. Pihan, and A. de Vaulfleury, “The snail as a target organism for the evaluation of industrial waste dump contamination and the efficiency of its remediation”: Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 46, pp. 137–147, 2000.
[16] K.M. Swaileh, N. Rabay’a, R. Salim, A. Ezzzughayyar and A.A. Rabbo, “Concentrations of heavy metals in road side soils,plants, and land snails from the West Bank, Palestein”: J. Environ. Sci. Health A., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 765–778, 2001.
[17] A.T. Abd Allah, M.Q. Wanas and T. Thompson, “Dissolved heavy metals, lead, cadmium and mercury, accumulate in the body of the schistosome vector, Biomphalaria glabrata Gastropoda: Pulmonata”: J. Moll. Stud., vol. 69, pp. 35–41, 2003.
[18] M.M. Ibrahim “Energy allocation patterns in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails in response to cadmium exposure and Schistosoma mansoni infection”: Exp. Parasitol., vol. 112, pp. 31–36, 2006.
[19] L. Moolman, J.H.J. Van Vuren and V. Wepener, “Comparative studies on the uptake and effects of cadmium and zinc on the cellular energy allocation of two freshwater gastropods”: Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 68, pp. 443–450, 2007.
[20] H.M.M. El-Khayat, K.M.A. Mahmoud, H.S. Gaber, H. Abdel-Hamid and H.M.A. Abu Taleb, “Studies on the effect of pollution on Lake Manzala ecosystem in Port-Said, Damietta and Dakahlia Governorates, Egypt”: J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. (JESP), vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 155-168, 2015.
[21] A. Gomot, L. Gomot, S. Boukraa and S. Bruckert, “Influence of soil on the growth of the land snail Helixaspersa. An experimental study of the absorption route for the stimulating factors”: J. Moll. Stud., vol. 55, pp. 1–8, 1989.
[22] G. Blackmore, “Field evidence of metal transfer from invertebrate prey to an intertidal predator, Thais clavigera (gastropoda: muricidae)” Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. vol. 51, pp. 127–139, 2000.
[23] P. Laszczyca, M. Augustyniak, A. Babczynska, K. Bednarska, A. Kafel, P. Migula, G. Wilczek, I. Witas “Profiles of enzymatic activity in earthworms from zinc, lead and cadmium polluted areas near Olkusz (Poland)”: Environ. Int., vol. 30, p. 901, 2004.
[24] H.M.M. El-Khayat, H. Abdel-Hamid, H.S. Gaber, K.M.A. Mahmoud and H. Flefel, “Snails and fish as pollution biomarkers in Lake Manzala and laboratory A: Lake Manzala snails”: Fish. Aquacul. J., Vol, 6, no. 4, 1000153, 2015.
[25] A. Abdel Kader, F. Ramzy and A. Tantawy, “Evaluation of Molluscicidal and in vitro schistosomicidal activity of butanol extract of the plant Agave filifera. Egypt”: J. Biomed. Sci., vol. 16, pp. 53-67, 2004.
[26] World Health Organization (WHO), “Molluscicide screening and evaluation”: Bull. WHO., vol. 33, pp. 567-581, 1965.
[27] J. T. Litchfield and F. A. Wilcoxon, “A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments”: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. Vol. 96, pp. 99-113, 1949.
[28] S. Reitman and S. Frankel “A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases”: Am. J. Clin. Pathol., vol. 28, pp. 56-63, 1957.
[29] N.W. Tietz, “Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests” 3rd ed., WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, USA, ISBN-10: 072165035X, pp. 622-626, 1995.
[30] A. Michelson, "Specificity of haemolymph antigens in taxonomic discrimination of medically important snails" J Parasitol., vol. 52, pp. 466-472, 1966.
[31] J.D. Bancroft and A. Stevens, “Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques” 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, p.766, 1996.
[32] M.A. Radwan, K.S. El-Gendy and A.F. Gad, “Biomarkers of oxidative stress in the land snail, theba pisana for assessing ecotoxicological effects of urban metal pollution”: Chemosphere, vol. 79, p. 40, 2010.
[33] E. Pinto, T.C.S. Sigaud-Kutner, M.A.S, Leitao, O.K. Okamoto, D. Morse and P. Colepicolo, “Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress in algae”: J. Phycol., vol. 39, p. 1008, 2003.
[34] M. Valko, H. Morris and M.T.D. Cronin, “Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress”: Curr. Med. Chem., vol.12, p. 1161, 2005.
[35] R. Chandran, A.A. Sivakumar, S. Mohandass and M. Aruchami, “Effect of cadmium and zinc on antioxidant enzyme activity in the gastropod, Achatina fulica”: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C., vol. 140, p. 422, 2005.
[36] C. Manzl, G. Krumschnabel, P.J. Schwarzbaum and R. Dallinger, “Acute toxicity of cadmium and copper in hepatopancreas cells from the Roman snail (Helix pomatia)”: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C., vol. 138, p. 45, 2004.
[37] R. Laskowski and S.P. Hopkin “Accumulation of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the garden snail Helix aspersa” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 34, p. 59, 1996.
[38] A. Beeby and L. Richmond, “Magnisium and regulation of lead in three populations of the garden snail Cantareus asperses”: Environ. Poll., vol. 158, p. 2288, 2010.
[39] G.R. Ramos-Vasconcelos, L.A. Cardoso and M. Hermes-Lima, “Seasonal modulation of free radical metabolism in estivating land snails Helix aspersa”: Comp. Biochem. Physyol. C., vol. 140, p. 165, 2005.
[40] A. Nowakowska, G. Swiderska-Kolacz, J. Rogalska and M. Caputa, “Antioxidants and oxidative stress in Helix pomatia snails during estivation”: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C., vol. 150, p. 481, 2009.
[41] A. Nowakowska, M. Caputa and J. Rogalska, “Natural aestivation and antioxidant defense in Helix pomatia: Effect of acclimation to external conditions”: J. Moll. Stud., vol. 76, p. 354, 2010.
[42] R. Chandran, A.A. Sivakumar, S. Mohandass and M. Aruchami, “Effect of cadmium and zinc on antioxidant enzyme activity in the gastropod, Achatina fulica”: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C., vol. 140, p. 422, 2005.
[43] K.S. El-Gindy, M.A. Radwan and A.F. Gad, “In vivo evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers in the land snail, Theba pisana exposed to copper-based pesticides”: Chemosphere, vol. 77, p. 339, 2009.
[44] C. Menta and V. Parisi, “Metal concentrations in Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa and Arion rufus: Acomparative study”: Environ. Poll., vol. 115, p. 205, 2001.
[45] A. Nowakowska, T. Łaciak and M. Caputa, “Organ Profiles of the Antioxidant Defence System and Accumulation of Metals in Helix aspersa Snails”: Pol. J. Environ. Stud., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1369-1375, 2012.
[46] H.M.M. El-Khayat and N. Abu Zikri, “Biochemical situation in Biomphalaria alexandrina infected with Schistosoma mansoni during twelve weeks post infection” J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zool., vol. 43 (A), pp. 57-75, 2004.
[47] R. Mohamed, “Impact of profenophos (pesticide) on infectivity of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with schistosoma mansoni miracidia and on their physiological parameters”: Open J Ecol, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 41-47, 2011.
[48] A.M. Mohamed, M.A. El-Emam, G.Y. Osman, H. Abdel-Hamid and R.E.M. Ali, “Biological and biochemical responses of infected Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with Schistosoma mansoni post exposure to the pesticides Basudin and Selecron and the phytoalkaloid Colchicine”: J. Evol. Biol. Res., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 24-32, 2012.
[49] W. Becker, “Metabolic interrelationships of parasitic trematodes and molluscs; especially Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata”: Z. Parasitenkd., vol. 63, pp. 101–111, 1980.
[50] M.H. Bisop, J.L. Dubenn-Engelkiry and M.D. Fody, “Non protein nitrogen” in Clinical Chemistry, Principles, Procedures, Correlations, 3rd ed. Publisher, 227 East Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19106. chapter 16, pp. 341-356, 1996.
[51] C.C. Mello-Silva, M.C. de Vasconcellos, J.C.B. Bezerra, M.L.A. Rodrigues and J,. Pinheiro, “The influence of exposure to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex on the concentrations of total proteins and nitrogen products in Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni”: Acta Tropica, vol. 117, no. 2, 101–104, 2011.
[52] M.R. Mahmoud, H.S. El-Abhar and S. Saleh, “The effect of Nigeila sativa oil against the liver damage induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice”: J. Enthnopharmacol., vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2002.
[53] M. Masaya, H. Yoshinobu, Y. Ai, K. Maki and O. Yasuo, “Determination of cellular levels of nonproteinthiols in phytoplankton and their correlation with susceptibility to mercury”: J. Phycol., vol. 38, no. 5, p. 983, 2002.
[54] N. Grara, A. Atailia, M. Boucenna, F. Khaldi, H. Berrebbah et al., “Effects of Heavy Metals on the Snails Helix aspersa Bioindicators of the Environment Pollution for Human Health”: Int. Conf. Appl. Life Sci., Turkey, 2012.
[55] K.L, Johnson-Davis, C. Fernelius, N.B. Eliason, A. Wilson, S. Beddhu and W.L. “Roberts Blood Enzymes and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross Sectional Study”: Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 331-339, 2011.
[56] F. Regoli, S. Gorbi, D. Fattorini, S. Tedesco, A. Notti, N. Machella, R. Bocchetti, M. Benedrtti and F. Piva, “Use of the land snail Helix aspersa as sentinel organism for monitoring ecotoxicologic effects of urban pollution: An integrated approach”: Environ. Health Perspect ., vol. 114, p. 63, 2006.
[57] K. Bislimi, A. Behluli, J. Halili, I. Mazreku and F. Halili, “Impact of Pollution from Kosova’S Power Plant in Obiliq on Some Biochemical Parameters of the Local Population of Garden Snail (Helix Pomatia L.)”: Resources and Environment, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 15-19, 2013.
[58] D. Sheehan and A. Power, “Effects of seasonality on xenobiotic and antioxidant defence mechanisms of bivalve molluscs”: Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C., vol. 123, p. 193, 1999.
[59] P. Kaminski, N. Kurhalyuk and M. Szady-Grad, “Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress and changes in physiological process of free radical in the blood of white stocrk (Ciconia ciconia) chicks in polluted areas”: Pol. J. Environ. Stud., vol. 16, p. 555, 2007.
[60] I.B. Helal, M.H. ELMehlawy, E.T. Rizk and G.M. EL-Khodary, “Effect of Euphorbia peplus plant extract and the antihelmenthic prazequantel on the defence system of Biomphalaria alexandria snail. Egypt”: J. Aqaat. Biol. & Fish., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 501- 505, 2003.
[61] C.T. Wolmarans and E. Yssel, “Biomphalaha glahrata: Influence of selected abiotic factors on leukocytosis”: J. Invertebr. Pathol., vol. 57, pp. 10-14, 1988.
[62] S.S. Koprucu, K. Koprucu and M.S. Urail, “Acute toxicology of synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin to fingerling European catfish (Silirus glanis L.)”: Bull. Environ. Contaminat. Toxicol., vol. 76, pp. 59-65, (2006).
[63] A.A. Otitoloju, D.O. Ajikobi and R.I. Egonmwan, “Histopathology and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals (Cu & Pb) in the Giant land snail, Archachatina marginata (Swainson)”: Open Environ Poll. Toxicol. J., vol. 1, pp. 79-88, 2009.
[64] G.D. Stentiford, and S.W. Feist, “A histopathological survey of shore crab (Carcinusmaenas) and brown shrimp (Crangoncrangon) from six estuaries in the United Kingdom”: J Invert Pathol. Vol. 88, pp. 136-46, 2005.
[65] S.S. Hamed, N.E. Abdelmeguied, A.E. Essawy, M.A. Radwan and A.E. Hegazy, “Histological and ultrastuctural changes induced by two carbamate molluscicides on the digestive gland of Eobania vermiculata”: J. Biol. Sci. vol. 7, pp. 1017-1037, 2007.
[66] M.A. Radwan, A.E. Essawy, Abdelmeguied, S.S. Hamed and A.E. Ahmed, “Biochemical and histological studies on the digestive gland of Eobania vermiculata snails treated with carbamate pesticides”: Pest. Biochem. Physiol., vol.90, pp. 154-167, 2008.
[67] W.S. Hasheesh, M.A.S. Marie, F.A.A. El-Deeb and S.S.M. Sayed, “Impact of Asparagus densiflours and Oreopanax guatemalensis plants and Difenoconazole Fungicide on biochemical parameters of Biomaphalaria alexandrina snails”: Aust. J. Basic appl. Sci., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 366-378, 2011.
[68] S.A. Hamlet, S. Bensoltane, M. Djekoun, F. Yassi and H. Berrebbah, “Histological changes and biochemical parameters in the hepatopancreas of terrestrial gastropod Helix aspersa as biomarkers of neonicotinoid insecticide exposure”: Afr. J. Biotechnol. vol. 11, no. 96, pp. 16277-16283, 2012.
[69] A.S. Tompa, “Land snails (Stylommatophora)” in The Molluscs, Eds A.S. Tompa, N.H. Verdonk, and J.A.M.van den Biggelaar, Academic Press, Orlando, chapter 7, pp. 47-140, 1984.
[70] R.I. Egonmwan, “Gross Morphology and ultrastructurral study of albumen gland of the land snail Archachatina marginata ovum (Pfeiffer) (Pulmonata: Achatinidae)”: Pakistan J. of Biol. Sci. vol.10, no. 2, pp. 322-325, 2007.
[71] E.T. Rizk, “Schistosomiasis control: Evaluations of the molluscicidal activity of a plant extract Sesbania sesban against Biomaphlaria alexandrina”: J Egypt. Germ. Soc. Zool., vol. 27, pp. 91-107, 1998.
[72] F.N. Heiba, I.M. Al-Sharkawy and A.A. Al-Batal, “Effects of the insecticide, lannate, on the land snails, Eopania vermiculata andMonacha contiana, under laboratory conditions”: J. Biol. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 8-13, 2002.
[73] F. El-Feky, H.A. Raafat and H. Kamal “Physiological and histopathological effects of tributyletin (TBT) on Lymnaea natalensis and Physa acuta”: Egypt. J. Hospit. Med., vol. 37, pp. 610-620, 2009.
[74] V.K. Kanapala and S.P. Arasada, “Histopathological Effect of Paraquat (Gramoxone) on the Digestive Gland of Freshwater Snail Lymnaea luteola (Lamarck: 1799) (Mollusca: Gastropoda)”: Int J Sci Res Environ Sci, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 224-230, 2013.
[75] L. Hernadi and A. Vehovszky, “Ultrastructural biochemical and electrophysiological cahges induced by 5,6- dihydroxytryptamine in the CNS of the snail Helix pomatia L.”: Brain Res., Vol. 578, pp. 221-234, 1992.
[76] H.H. Boer, C.M. Moorer-van, L.J. Muller, B. Kiburg, J.B. Vermorken and J.J. “Heimans Ultrastructural neuropathological effect of taxol on neuronsof the fershwater snail Lymnaea stangnalis”: J. Neuro-Oncel., 17, pp. 49-57, 1995.
[77] M. Wiemann, W. Wittkowaski, U. Altrup and E.J. “Speckmann Alterations of neuronal fibers after epileptic activity induced by pentylenetetrazole: fine structure investigated by calcium cytochemistry and neurobiotin labeling (buccal ganglia, Helix pomatia)”: Cell Tissue Res. Vol. 289, pp. 43-53, 1995.